Newsletter for Wednesday 25 September

TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY NEWSLETTER - 25 SEPTEMBER

Feature for Today

On 25 Sep 1878, a letter warning against the use of tobacco, Dr. Charles Drysdale, senior physician to the Metropolitan Free Hospital, was published in The Times newspaper in Britain. He pointed to “the enormous consumption of tobacco in all European states,” and concluded “that the use of tobacco is one of the most evident of all the retrograde influences of our time.” Years earlier, in 1864, he published in Med. Circular results of excessive use, such as cases of jaundice in healthy young men smoking 3/4-oz daily, and a young man who smoked 1/2-oz daily having “most distressing palpitation of the heart.” If you are amazed that the dangers of tobacco were being pointed out so much more than a century ago, you will be interested how research on the harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke were already well-known when he wrote he wrote his book, Tobacco and the Diseases It Produces, in 1875. In an extract from that book, the section on Tobacco Chemicals lists harmful pyridine bases found in the products of decomposition of nicotine. Particularly notable is his recognition, over 135 years ago, of the dangers of passive smoking to non-smokers inhaling tobacco smoke in public rooms.

Book of the Day

On 25 Sep 1878, when Dr. Charles Drysdale's warning against the use of tobacco was published in The Times newspaper in Britain, he had, years before in a journal article in 1864, already detailed the results of excessive use of tobacco. Today's Science Store pick is: Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization, by Iain Gately, who picks up the history of tobacco from when it was first cultivated and enjoyed by the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas using it for medicinal, religious, and social purposes long before the arrival of Columbus. Gately makes the case for the tobacco trade being the driving force behind the growth of the American colonies, the foundation of Dutch trading empire, the underpinning cause of the African slave trade, and the financial basis for our victory in the American Revolution. Informed and erudite, Tobacco is a vivid and provocative look into the complex history of this demon plant. The author is an afficiando of tobacco, and all too often his disdain for the anti-smoking movement is obvious. However, he balances his text so it remains a historical explanation. Thus, anyone interested in the origins of the smoking jacket, snuff horns, strike-anywhere matches, meerschaum and briar pipes, or curious about why most signers of the Declaration of Independence were tobacco farmers will not only enjoy this work, but come away with a larger understanding of why tobacco has been so important in human history. It is available New from $10.45. Used from $1.24. (As of time of writing.). For picks from earlier newsletters, see the Today in Science Science Store home page.

Quotations for Today
	All infections, of whatever type, with no exceptions, are products of parasitic beings; that is, by living organisms that enter in other living organisms, in which they find nourishment, that is, food that suits them, here they hatch, grow and reproduce themselves. - Agostino Bassi, Italian entomologist, botanist and bacteriologist (born 25 Sep 1773).
	In scientific study, or, as I prefer to phrase it, in creative scholarship, the truth is the single end sought; all yields to that. The truth is supreme, not only in the vague mystical sense in which that expression has come to be a platitude, but in a special, definite, concrete sense. Facts and the immediate and necessary inductions from facts displace all pre-conceptions, all deductions from general principles, all favourite theories. Previous mental constructions are bowled over as childish play-structures by facts as they come rolling into the mind. The dearest doctrines, the most fascinating hypotheses, the most cherished creations of the reason and of the imagination perish from a mind thoroughly inspired with the scientific spirit in the presence of incompatible facts. Previous intellectual affections are crushed without hesitation and without remorse. Facts are placed before reasonings and before ideals, even though the reasonings and the ideals be more beautiful, be seemingly more lofty, be seemingly better, be seemingly truer. The seemingly absurd and the seemingly impossible are sometimes true. The scientific disposition is to accept facts upon evidence, however absurd they may appear to our pre-conceptions. - Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, American geologist (born 25 Sep 1843).
	That the fundamental aspects of heredity should have turned out to be so extraordinarily simple supports us in the hope that nature may, after all, be entirely approachable. Her much-advertised inscrutability has once more been found to be an illusion due to our ignorance. This is encouraging, for, if the world in which we live were as complicated as some of our friends would have us believe we might well despair that biology could ever become an exact science. - Thomas Hunt Morgan, American geneticist and zoologist (born 25 Sep 1866).
	The science of fossil shells is the first step towards the study of the earth. - Giovanni Battista Brocchi, Italian geologist (died 25 Sep 1826).

Quiz
Before you look at today's web page, see if you can answer some of these questions about the events that happened on this day. Some of the names are very familiar. Others will likely stump you. Tickle your curiosity with these questions, then check your answers on today's web page.
Births
	Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, born 25 Sep 1843 was a U.S. geologist and educator, known for his “planetesimal hypothesis,” proposed with Forest Ray Moulton in 1904. What was his planetesimal hypothesis?
	William Le Baron Jenney, born 25 Sep 1832, was an American civil engineer and architect whose technical innovation made possible the development of the skyscraper. His Home Insurance Building in Chicago was one of the first buildings with the innovation which became the standard for American skyscraper design. What was his important innovation that made a skyscraper possible to build?
Deaths
	Hieronymus Theodor Richter (1824-1898) was a German metallurgist who co-discovered an element. He was assistant to Ferdinand Reich who suspected a new element was present in the samples of zinc ore he had chemically processed, but was too colourblind to do the spectroscopic analysis. That Reich turned over to Richter. Viewing a sample on a loop of platinum wire eated in a Bunsen flame, Richter saw a brilliant indigo spectral line which confirmed the presence of a new element. Which element did Richter assist in discovering?
Events
	On 25 Sep of a certain year, scientists first reported that freon gases released from aerosol spray cans were destroying the ozone layer. In what decade did this occur?
	On 25 Sep 1956, when a new transatlantic cable system began operating (between Clarenville, Newfoundland and Oban, Scotland) it was a world's first. What made it the world's first, different from previous cables?

Answers

When you have your answers ready to all the questions above, you'll find all the information to check them, and more, on the September 25 web page of Today in Science History. Or, try this link first for just the brief answers. Fast answers for the previous newsletter for September 24: carbon and hydrogen (CH radical) • neon light • Hans Geiger • the decade containing the year 1960 • steam engine.

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