science newsletter: Newsletter for Thursday 25 April

Newsletter - April 25 - Today in Science History

TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY
NEWSLETTER - 25 APRIL

Feature for Today

On 25 Apr 1769, Marc Isambard Brunel was born, the French-born English engineer and inventor who solved the historic problem of tunnelling through the water-bearing strata beneath a navigable waterway and built the Thames Tunnel.

He invented a tunnelling shield to support the workface while digging it away. The task was arduous, with many problems to overcome, and took 18 years (with a 7-year hiatus). Yet he finally completed the world's first tunnel under a navigable river.

It first opened, on 25 Mar 1843, as a pedestrian attraction because funds were not available to build the approach roads for its intended use for freight transfer across the Thames. However, it was adopted for use by the early underground railway. To this day it is the oldest tunnel under the Thames in the London underground network.

The chapter in The Great Triumphs of Great Men (1875) titled Sir Mark Isambard Brunel is mostly a breath-taking description of the difficulties faced by the workers, as the Thames water irrupted into the tunnel on several occasions. Although Marc Brunel masterminded the construction of the tunnel, and made it possible with the invention of the tunneling shield, the triumph must be shared by all the great men at the workface.

Book of the Day

On 25 Apr 1900, Wolfgang Pauli was born, who was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physics for establishing his Pauli exclusion principle, a contribution to quantum theory of major importance. Today's Science Store pick is No Time to be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli, by Charles P. Enz. The author retraces the life of the physicist Wolfgang Pauli, analyzes his scientific work, and describes the evolution of his thinking in this fascinating portrait of the scientist, and also conveys the intellectual ferment and excitement of other notable phyicists at the time when quantum theory was being developed. New ~~$55.00~~, Save 13% Price $48.12. Also available Used from $36.61 (as of time of writing).

Yesterday's pick: The Material Basis of Evolution, by Richard B. Goldschmidt.

For picks from earlier newsletters, see the Today in Science Science Store home page.

Quotations for Today
	"The fact that XY thinks slowly is not serious, but that he publishes faster than he thinks is inexcusable." - Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-American physicist (born 25 Apr 1900)
	"...on opening the incubator I experienced one of those rare moments of intense emotion which reward the research worker for all his pains: at first glance I saw that the broth culture, which the night before had been very turbid was perfectly clear: all the bacteria had vanished... as for my agar spread it was devoid of all growth and what caused my emotion was that in a flash I understood: what causes my spots was in fact an invisible microbe, a filterable virus, but a virus parasitic on bacteria. Another thought came to me also. If this is true, the same thing will have probably occurred in the sick man. In his intestine, as in my test-tube, the dysentery bacilli will have dissolved away under the action of their parasite. He should now be cured" - Félix d'Hérelle, Canadian-French bacteriologist who is generally known as the discoverer of the bacteriophage, a virus that infects bacteria (born 25 Apr 1873)
	"I submit a body of facts which cannot be invalidated. My opinions may be doubted, denied, or approved, according as they conflict or agree with the opinions of each individual who may read them; but their worth will be best determined by the foundation on which they rest—the incontrovertible facts." - William Beaumont, American army surgeon who was the first person to observe and study human digestion as it occurs in the stomach (died 25Apr 1853)

QUIZ
Before you look at today's web page, see if you can answer some of these questions about the events that happened on this day. Some of the names are very familiar. Others will likely stump you. Tickle your curiosity with these questions, then check your answers on today's web page.
Births
	Wolfgang Pauli, born 25 Apr 1900 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1945 for his discovery (1925) of the condition that in an atom no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. He moved to the U.S. during WW II, where he became an American citizen, though a few years later took a teaching post in Europe. *In what country was Pauli born?*
	An Italian inventor, born 25 Apr 1874, investigated the "Hertzian Waves" (the radio waves Hertz first produced in his laboratory a few years earlier) leading to the creation of wireless telegraphy and what we now know as radio. *Can you name this inventor?*
Deaths
	Anders Celsius (1701- 1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician who is famous for the temperature scale he developed. He and his assistant Olof Hiortner discovered an effect that was associated with the aurora borealis. *What was the effect Celcius discovered associated with the aurora borealis?*
Events
	On 25 Apr of a certain year, space probe Pioneer 10 crossed the orbit of Pluto, the outermost planet, to continue its voyage into the universe beyond our solar system. In which decade did Pioneer 10 cross the orbit of Pluto?
	On 25 Apr of a cetain year, Nature journal published the structure of DNA, as suggested in a one-page article by James Watson and Francis Crick. This work earned the pair of scientists a Nobel Prize. In which decade was the DNA structure article published?

Answers

When you have your answers ready to all the questions above, you'll find all the information to check them, and more, on the April 25 web page of Today in Science History. Or, try this link first for just the brief answers.

Fast answers for the previous newsletter for April 24: Whooping crane; ytterbium; as a German, he experienced strong pressure including arrest and imprisonment from the Nazi government because Hitler had been enraged by the award of a Nobel Peace Prize to another German in a concentration camp; Tennessee; the decade including the year 1981.

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