Πέμπτη 31 Ιανουαρίου 2013

Newsletter for Thursday 31 January

 

Newsletter - January 31 - Today in Science History  

TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY
 NEWSLETTER - JANUARY 31
Before you look at today's web page, see if you can answer some of these questions about the events that happened on this day. Some of the names are very familiar. Others will likely stump you. Tickle your curiosity with these questions, then check your answers on today's web page.
The Mathematical Puzzles of Sam LoydOn 31 Jan 1841, Sam Loyd was born, American puzzlemaker whose prolific output includes the famous "15" puzzle - a square tray tray containing 15 square tiles and one space that allows the tiles to be rearranged into a given pattern. Today's Science Store picks are The Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd, editted by Martin Gardner (author of the "Mathematical Games" column in Scientific American), who describes Loyd as "America's greatest puzzlist and an authentic American genius." This book contains a selection of thought-provoking problems and puzzles from Loyd's Cyclopedia in arithmetic, algebra, speed and distance problems, game theory, counter and sliding block problems. Price: $8.95. Also available Used from $0.74. A further selection of challenging puzzles from by the same editor in More Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd, has 166 more amusing, thought-provoking problems, and is still available Used from $2.26 (Used prices as of time of writing).

Or find them all in Sam Loyd's Cyclopedia of 5000 Puzzles tricks and Conundrums with Answers, by Sam Loyd, as compiled after his death by his son. It is perhaps the most fabulous and exciting collection of puzzles ever assembled in one volume, characterized by Loyd's bizarre imagination, originality, trickiness and whimsy. The original 1914 edition was reprinted in 2007. Price $39.95.

Yesterday's pick: Mind Sights: Original Visual Illusions, Ambiguities, and Other Anomalies, With a Commentary on the Play of Mind in Perception and Art. For picks from earlier newsletters, see the Today in Science Science Store home page.

Quotations for Today
"Two children, who were all tangled up in their reckoning of the days of the week, paused on their way to school to straighten matters out. "When the day after tomorrow is yesterday," said Priscilla, then 'today' will be as far from Sunday as that day was which was 'today' when the day before yesterday was tomorrow! On which day of the week did this puzzling prattle occur?" - Sam Loyd (born 31 Jan 1841)

"Happy indeed is the scientist who not only has the pleasures which I have enumerated, but who also wins the recognition of fellow scientists and of the mankind which ultimately benefits from his endeavours." - Irving Langmuir, American Nobel prize-winning chemist (born 31 Jan 1881)

"I was on the point of cutting the cord that suspended me between heaven and earth ... and measured with my eye the vast space that separated me from the rest of the human race ... I felt myself precipitated with a velocity that was checked by the sudden unfolding of my parachute." (22 Oct 1797) - André-Jacques Garnerin, world's first parachutist, (born 31 Jan 1769) (source)

QUIZ
Births
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer, born 31 Jan 1929, is a German physicist and co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1961 for his researches on the Mössbauer effect which concerns certain emissions from nuclei of radioactive isotopes. 
With what type of emissions is the Mössbauer effect concerned?
Charles Green, born 31 Jan 1785, was an English balloonist whose outstanding achievement was his flight with two companions in 1836 from Vauxhall Gardens, London, to Weilburg, Ger., a distance of 480 miles. Green's 18-hour trip set a long-distance balloon record for flights from England not beaten for many years.
Until what decade did the 1836 record remain unbroken for balloon flights from England?
Deaths
Edwin H. Armstrong (1890-1954) was an American inventor who had been fascinated by radio from childhood. He invented the continuous-wave transmitter (1912),  the regenerative circuit (1912), superheterodyne circuits (1918) and in 1933 a major invention that remains the backbone of modern radio communication as we know it. Exhausted by nonstop patent battles from the 1920s on, he took his own life.
What is the familiar name for his major invention for radio?
Events
On 31 Jan 1958, the United States entered the space age by launching the first successful orbiting satellite, four months after the Soviet launch of Sputnik. It measured cosmic radiation, and led to the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt. 
What was the name of this first successful American satellite to enter Earth orbit?
Answers
When you have your answers ready to all the questions above, you'll find all the information to check them, and more, on the January 31 web page of Today in Science History.

Or, try this link first for just the brief answers.



Fast answers for the previous newsletter for January 30: yellow fever; transistor; a cyanoacrylate-based glue such as Crazy Glue; Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication; lifeboat
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