ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

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• Robotic arm probes chemistry of 3-D objects by mass spectrometry
• Biologists use sound to identify breeding grounds of endangered whales
• Sensing gravity with acid: Scientists discover role for protons in neurotransmission
• Blood-brain barrier repair after stroke may prevent chronic brain deficits
• New video-based teaching tool helps students learn animal-based lab work
• Patient safety merits new review for modified medical devices, physician says
• Stink bug traps may increase damage to tomato fruits
• Black markets for hackers increasingly sophisticated, specialized, maturing
• New advances in study of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy
• Fewer children at risk for deficient vitamin D
• Coerced sex not uncommon for young men, teenage boys, study finds
• MRI reveals genetic activity: Deciphering genes' roles in learning and memory
• Kids' books featuring animals with human traits lead to less learning of natural world
• Twenty-five percent of breast cancer survivors report financial decline due to treatment
• Number of patients admitted with antibiotic-resistant infections is rising
• Pesticides make the life of earthworms miserable
• First stem cell study of bipolar disorder yields promising results
• Blood test may help predict whether a child will become obese
• Mars-mimicking chamber explores habitability of other planets
• Cancer treatment revolution potential with new drug
• Catheter innovation destroys dangerous biofilms
• Doxorubicin alone or with ifosfamide for treating soft tissue sarcoma?
• Excess weight at one year postpartum increases moms' risk for diabetes, heart problems
• Predicting climate: Researchers test seasonal-to-decadal prediction
• Exploring Brain for Keys to Solving Parkinson's Disease
• Replacing insulin through stem cell-derived pancreatic cells under the skin
• Shorter sleepers are over-eaters, study in children shows
• 'Glue' holding together skin cells, other epithelial tissue more active than realized
• Missing hybrid incompatibility gene may help unlock Darwin's 'mystery of mysteries'
• Small peptides as potential antibiotics
• Paleontologists assemble giant turtle bone from fossil discoveries made centuries apart
• Inbreeding in woolly mammoths: Neck rib provide clues about decline and eventual extinction
• Plasma tool for destroying cancer cells
• Smokers' bitter taste buds may be on the fritz
• Technofossils: Unprecedented legacy left behind by humans
• Causes and consequences of global climate warming 56 million years ago
• Simple, like a neutron star: How neutron stars are like (and unlike) black holes
• Strange materials cropping up in condensed matter laboratories
• Exploding stars prove Newton's law of gravity unchanged over cosmic time
• Einstein's 'spooky' theory may lead to ultra-secure Internet
• Health-care professionals should prescribe sleep to prevent, treat metabolic disorders, experts argue
• DIY vaccination: Microneedle patch may boost immunization rate, reduce medical costs
• Missing hormone in birds: Leptin found in mallard duck, peregrine falcon and zebra finch
• New depths of complexity in nerve cells discovered
• New technique sheds light on human neural networks
• Small wireless pacemaker safe, effective in early testing
• Life lessons: Children learn aggressive ways of thinking and behaving from violent video games, study finds
• Parallel programming may not be so daunting: 'Lock-free' parallel algorithms match performance with wait-free
• For neurons in the brain, identity can be used to predict location
• Kelvin wave seen on quantum 'tornado' for first time
• Shock-absorbing 'goo' discovered in bone
• Molecular clue to complex mystery of auxin signaling in plants
• Adult day-care services boost beneficial stress hormones in caregivers
• Identifying gene-enhancers: New technique

Robotic arm probes chemistry of 3-D objects by mass spectrometry Posted: 25 Mar 2014 01:44 PM PDT A new robotic system could soon let scientists better simulate and analyze the chemical reactions of early Earth on the surface of real rocks to further test the theory that catalytic minerals on a meteorite's surface could have jump-started life's first chemical reactions.

Biologists use sound to identify breeding grounds of endangered whales Posted: 25 Mar 2014 12:42 PM PDT Biologists have confirmed what many conservationists fear -- that Roseway Basin, a heavily traveled shipping lane, off the coast of Nova Scotia, is a vital habitat area for the endangered North Atlantic right whale.

Sensing gravity with acid: Scientists discover role for protons in neurotransmission Posted: 25 Mar 2014 12:42 PM PDT While probing how organisms sense gravity and acceleration, scientists uncovered evidence that acid (proton concentration) plays a key role in communication between neurons. Scientists discovered that sensory cells in the inner ear continuously transmit information on orientation of the head relative to gravity and low-frequency motion to the brain using protons as the key means of synaptic signal transmission.

Blood-brain barrier repair after stroke may prevent chronic brain deficits Posted: 25 Mar 2014 11:32 AM PDT Following ischemic stroke, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents harmful substances such as inflammatory molecules from entering the brain, can be impaired in cerebral areas distant from initial ischemic insult. This disruptive condition, known as diaschisis, can lead to chronic post-stroke deficits, researchers report.

New video-based teaching tool helps students learn animal-based lab work Posted: 25 Mar 2014 11:31 AM PDT For those beginning animal-based lab work, seeing a research procedure is by far the most effective method of learning. In "Model Organisms II," the Journal of Visualized Experiments, uses video to revolutionize the teaching of fundamental information and protocols on three common vertebrate model organisms—the mouse, the chick and the zebrafish.

Patient safety merits new review for modified medical devices, physician says Posted: 25 Mar 2014 10:35 AM PDT For patient safety, the US Food and Drug Administration should require that clinical data be submitted as part of a more rigorous re-evaluation of medical devices that are modified after approval. According to authors of a new expert opinion, such a requirement could prevent deaths due to insufficiently tested device modifications.

Stink bug traps may increase damage to tomato fruits Posted: 25 Mar 2014 09:15 AM PDT Entomologists suggest that stink bug traps in the garden may actually increase stink bug damage to tomatoes. The researchers asked 15 gardeners to place stink bug traps at the ends of rows of tomatoes, while another group of 14 placed no traps in their gardens. Both groups experienced nearly the same amount of stink bugs on the tomato plants themselves, but the the abundance of stink bugs on the tomato fruits was marginally greater in the gardens with traps, and the fruits sustained significantly more injury than tomato fruits grown in gardens without traps.

Black markets for hackers increasingly sophisticated, specialized, maturing Posted: 25 Mar 2014 09:15 AM PDT Black and gray markets for computer hacking tools, services and byproducts such as stolen credit card numbers continue to expand, creating an increasing threat to businesses, governments and individuals, according to a new study. One dramatic example is the December 2013 breach of retail giant Target, in which data from approximately 40 million credit cards and 70 million user accounts was hijacked. Within days, that data appeared -- available for purchase -- on black market websites.

New advances in study of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy Posted: 25 Mar 2014 09:14 AM PDT Several forms of leukodystrophies, genetic degenerative disorders that affect the myelin, are associated with vacuolization of myelin sheaths that enwrap axons of central neurons. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy (MLC), caused by mutations in MLC1 and GlialCAM, is a rare disease that entails this type of vacuoles. To date, there is not any treatment for patients.

Fewer children at risk for deficient vitamin D Posted: 25 Mar 2014 08:33 AM PDT Under new guidelines from the Institute of Medicine, the estimated number of children who are at risk for having insufficient or deficient levels of vitamin D is drastically reduced from previous estimates, according to a study. The study found that under the new guidelines, 10.3 percent of children ages 6 to 18 are at risk of inadequate or deficient vitamin D levels, which translates to an estimated 5.5 million children.

Coerced sex not uncommon for young men, teenage boys, study finds Posted: 25 Mar 2014 08:33 AM PDT A large proportion of teenage boys and college men report having been coerced into sex or sexual behavior, according to research. A total of 43 percent of high school boys and young college men reported they had an unwanted sexual experience and of those, 95 percent said a female acquaintance was the aggressor, according to the study.

MRI reveals genetic activity: Deciphering genes' roles in learning and memory Posted: 25 Mar 2014 08:33 AM PDT Doctors commonly use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose tumors, damage from stroke, and many other medical conditions. Neuroscientists also rely on it as a research tool for identifying parts of the brain that carry out different cognitive functions. Now, biological engineers are trying to adapt MRI to a much smaller scale, allowing researchers to visualize gene activity inside the brains of living animals.

Kids' books featuring animals with human traits lead to less learning of natural world Posted: 25 Mar 2014 08:32 AM PDT A new study has found that kids' books featuring animals with human characteristics not only lead to less factual learning but also influence children's reasoning about animals. Researchers also found that young readers are more likely to attribute human behaviors and emotions to animals when exposed to books with anthropomorphized animals than books depicting animals realistically.

Twenty-five percent of breast cancer survivors report financial decline due to treatment Posted: 25 Mar 2014 08:32 AM PDT Four years after being treated for breast cancer, a quarter of survivors say they are worse off financially, at least partly because of their treatment, according to a new study. In addition, 12 percent reported that they still have medical debt from their treatment. Financial decline varied significantly by race, with Spanish-speaking Latinas most likely to be impacted. Debt was reported more frequently in English-speaking Latinas and Blacks, the study found.

Number of patients admitted with antibiotic-resistant infections is rising Posted: 25 Mar 2014 08:32 AM PDT The emergence of community-acquired infections, such as urinary tract infections, due to strains resistant to common antibiotics are on the rise, according researchers. This creates a challenge in a community or outpatient setting where oral antibiotics are used. Urinary tract infections are the second most common type of infection in the body, accounting for about 8.1 million visits to healthcare providers each year.

Pesticides make the life of earthworms miserable Posted: 25 Mar 2014 08:32 AM PDT Pesticides are sprayed on crops to help them grow, but the effect on earthworms living in the soil under the plants is devastating, new research reveals. The worms only grow to half their normal weight and they do not reproduce as well as worms in fields that are not sprayed, a research team reports after having studied earthworms that were exposed to pesticides over generations.

First stem cell study of bipolar disorder yields promising results Posted: 25 Mar 2014 08:32 AM PDT What makes a person bipolar, prone to manic highs and deep, depressed lows? Why does bipolar disorder run so strongly in families, even though no single gene is to blame? And why is it so hard to find new treatments for a condition that affects 200 million people worldwide? New stem cell research may help scientists find answers to these questions.

Blood test may help predict whether a child will become obese Posted: 25 Mar 2014 08:30 AM PDT Scientists have found that a simple blood test, which can read DNA, could be used to predict obesity levels in children. Researchers used the test to assess the levels of epigenetic switches in the PGC1a gene - a gene that regulates fat storage in the body. Epigenetic switches take place through a chemical change called DNA methylation, which controls how genes work and is set during early life. The test, when carried out on children at five years old, differentiates between children with a high body fat and those with a low body fat when they were older.

Mars-mimicking chamber explores habitability of other planets Posted: 25 Mar 2014 08:29 AM PDT A research team in Spain has the enviable job of testing out new electromechanical gear for potential use in future missions to the Red Planet. They do it within their Mars environmental simulation chamber, which is specially designed to mimic conditions on the fourth planet from the sun -- right down to its infamous Martian dust.

Cancer treatment revolution potential with new drug Posted: 25 Mar 2014 07:27 AM PDT A revolution in cancer treatment could soon be underway following a breakthrough that may lead to a dramatic improvement in cancer survival rates. Commenting on the breakthrough, a study co-author said "The energy-producing machinery in cancer cells works to the limit as it attempts to keep up with quick proliferation and invasion. This makes cancer cells susceptible to minor changes in the cell 'power-house'. Our drug pushes cancer cells over the limit causing them to slow and shut down, whilst normal cells can cope with its effects."

Catheter innovation destroys dangerous biofilms Posted: 25 Mar 2014 07:27 AM PDT A new design that could help eliminate the threat of infection from millions of urinary catheters has been developed by engineers. The dual-channel design uses a mechanical method to uproot biofilms from their moorings so that they can easily be flushed away. About half of the time, the interior of long-term urinary catheters become plagued by biofilms -- structures formed by colonies of bacteria that are extremely difficult to kill. Once established, it is only a matter of time before the biofilm becomes a welcoming host for other, more dangerous bacteria or begins to choke urine drainage, causing leakage -- or even trauma to the patient's body.

Doxorubicin alone or with ifosfamide for treating soft tissue sarcoma? Posted: 25 Mar 2014 07:27 AM PDT A new study does not support administration of intensified doxorubicin and ifosfamide for palliation of advanced soft tissue sarcoma, unless the objective is to shrink the tumor. The coordinator of this study says, "Our clinical trial was designed to compare combination treatment with doxorubicin and ifosfamide to treatment with doxorubicin alone, and our results show that the combination chemotherapy did not improve overall survival. So, if the goal of treatment is to control the disease, then administering doxorubicin alone is appropriate."

Excess weight at one year postpartum increases moms' risk for diabetes, heart problems Posted: 25 Mar 2014 07:26 AM PDT Watch out for weight gain within a year of giving birth, to prevent new risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, experts say. While it has long been believed that not losing 'baby weight' for several years after pregnancy carries long-term risks of diabetes and heart disease, this research team aimed to test this theory by tracking risk factors and weight in the first 12 months after giving birth.

Predicting climate: Researchers test seasonal-to-decadal prediction Posted: 25 Mar 2014 07:20 AM PDT Researchers are exploring the potential for seasonal to decadal climate prediction. Seasonal-to-decadal prediction is now being tested with an advanced initialization method that has proven successful in weather forecasting and operational oceanography.

Exploring Brain for Keys to Solving Parkinson's Disease Posted: 25 Mar 2014 07:19 AM PDT One of the final frontiers of science is the human brain. The brain is the source of our intelligence, feelings and ability to make our bodies move – as well as the locus of terrible diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's – and is as complicated as any object that scientists explore. Parkinson's disease, which experts say affects more than six million people around the world, can progressively degrade many of those functions, a primary reason why a team of researchers has been given a grant to delve ever more deeply into the circuitry and function of the striatum.

Replacing insulin through stem cell-derived pancreatic cells under the skin Posted: 25 Mar 2014 07:03 AM PDT A newly created method of placing stem cell-derived pancreatic cells in capsules under the skin to replace insulin is tested in diabetic disease models. The method is successful without producing likely complications. The study confirms the viability of combining stem cells and 'encapsulation' technology to treat insulin-dependent diabetes.

Shorter sleepers are over-eaters, study in children shows Posted: 25 Mar 2014 07:02 AM PDT Young children who sleep less eat more, which can lead to obesity and related health problems later in life, reports a new study. The study found that 16 month-old children who slept for less than 10 hours each day consumed on average 105kcal more per day than children who slept for more than 13 hours. This is an increase of around 10% from 982kcal to 1087kcal.

'Glue' holding together skin cells, other epithelial tissue more active than realized Posted: 25 Mar 2014 07:02 AM PDT Researchers report the first evidence in living organisms that adherens junctions, the 'glue' between cells, actively respond to mechanical cues by remodeling their position and intensity, which in turn restructures the cells. These junctions are responsible for maintaining the shape and integrity of the sheets of epithelial cells that line such body cavities as the digestive tract, as well as the surfaces of structures such as the heart.

Missing hybrid incompatibility gene may help unlock Darwin's 'mystery of mysteries' Posted: 25 Mar 2014 07:02 AM PDT To unlock the 'mystery of mysteries,' seven scientists at four institutions have collaborated to uncover the missing gene responsible for the best-studied case of hybrid incompatibility, the cross between the fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans.

Small peptides as potential antibiotics Posted: 25 Mar 2014 06:58 AM PDT Small peptides attack bacteria in many different ways and may well become a new generation of antibiotics. Biologists have been researching how such peptides kill bacterial cells.

Paleontologists assemble giant turtle bone from fossil discoveries made centuries apart Posted: 25 Mar 2014 06:58 AM PDT A broken fossil turtle bone discovered by an amateur paleontologist in 2012 turned out to be the missing half of a bone first described in 1849. The surprising puzzle discovery has led paleontologists to revise conventional wisdom of how long fossils can survive exposed to surface conditions. It also provides insight into one of the largest turtle species ever known.

Inbreeding in woolly mammoths: Neck rib provide clues about decline and eventual extinction Posted: 25 Mar 2014 06:58 AM PDT Researchers recently noticed that the remains of woolly mammoths from the North Sea often possess a 'cervical' (neck) rib -- in fact, 10 times more frequently than in modern elephants (33.3 percent versus 3.3 percent). In modern animals, these cervical ribs are often associated with inbreeding and adverse environmental conditions during pregnancy. If the same factors were behind the anomalies in mammoths, this reproductive stress could have further pushed declining mammoth populations towards ultimate extinction.

Plasma tool for destroying cancer cells Posted: 25 Mar 2014 06:48 AM PDT Plasma medicine is a new and rapidly developing area of medical technology. Specifically, understanding the interaction of so-called atmospheric pressure plasma jets with biological tissues could help in medical practice. Researchers have conducted a study of the different types of DNA damage induced by atmospheric pressure plasma exposure. This approach, they hope, could ultimately lead to devising alternative tools for cancer therapy as well as applications in hospital hygiene, dental care, skin diseases, antifungal care, chronic wounds and cosmetics treatments.

Smokers' bitter taste buds may be on the fritz Posted: 25 Mar 2014 06:48 AM PDT Bitterness can generally be tasted at very low concentrations, but not so for those who light up. Smokers and those who have quit cannot fully appreciate the full flavor of a cup of coffee, because many cannot taste the bitterness of their regular caffeine kick. It is already known that smoking, and especially the toxic chemicals in tobacco, causes a loss of taste among smokers. It also causes structural changes to the fungiform papillae of the tongue where the taste buds are located. However, it is not yet known whether the full taste range returns to normal once a person quits smoking, or how long it takes.

Technofossils: Unprecedented legacy left behind by humans Posted: 25 Mar 2014 06:48 AM PDT Scientists suggest that the fossil impact humans have made on the planet is vast and unprecedented in nature -- and that there's been nothing remotely like it since the Earth formed, over four and half billion years ago. The researchers argue that, like dinosaurs, who left their bones and footprints behind for future generations to discover, humans will also leave a footprint behind -- one made up of material goods unique to humankind that are so different from anything else produced by animals in the history of Earth that they deserve their own name: technofossils.

Causes and consequences of global climate warming 56 million years ago Posted: 25 Mar 2014 06:48 AM PDT Scientists have ruled out the hypothesis that the fall in sea level was responsible for unleashing global warming 56 million years ago. he growing and justified concern about the current global warming process has kindled the interest of the scientific community in geological records as an archive of crucial information to understand the physical and ecological effects of ancient climate changes.

Simple, like a neutron star: How neutron stars are like (and unlike) black holes Posted: 25 Mar 2014 06:44 AM PDT For astrophysicists neutron stars are extremely complex astronomical objects. Research has demonstrated that in certain respects these stars can instead be described very simply and that they show similarities with black holes.

Strange materials cropping up in condensed matter laboratories Posted: 25 Mar 2014 06:42 AM PDT Physicists are using surprising ideas and mathematical tools originating in string theory to guide research into strange materials that are cropping up in condensed matter laboratories. There are a handful of systems that cannot be described by considering electrons (or any other kind of quasi-particle) moving around.

Exploding stars prove Newton's law of gravity unchanged over cosmic time Posted: 24 Mar 2014 08:02 PM PDT Australian astronomers have combined all observations of supernovae ever made to determine that the strength of gravity has remained unchanged over the last nine billion years. Newton's gravitational constant, known as G, describes the attractive force between two objects, together with the separation between them and their masses. It has been previously suggested that G could have been slowly changing over the 13.8 billion years since the Big Bang. But researchers have now analyzed the light given off by 580 supernova explosions in the nearby and far Universe and have shown that the strength of gravity has not changed.

Einstein's 'spooky' theory may lead to ultra-secure Internet Posted: 24 Mar 2014 07:45 PM PDT Einstein's skepticism about quantum mechanics may lead to an ultra-secure Internet, a new paper suggests. In 1935, Einstein and researchers highlighted a 'spooky' theory in quantum mechanics, which is the strange way entangled particles stay connected even when separated by large distances. In the new research, the authors show that entangled messages "can be shared between more than two people and may provide unprecedented security for a future quantum Internet."

Health-care professionals should prescribe sleep to prevent, treat metabolic disorders, experts argue Posted: 24 Mar 2014 05:05 PM PDT Evidence increasingly suggests that insufficient or disturbed sleep is associated with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity, and addressing poor quality sleep should be a target for the prevention -- and even treatment -- of these disorders. Addressing some types of sleep disturbance -- such as sleep apnea -- may have a directly beneficial effect on patients' metabolic health, say the authors. But a far more common problem is people simply not getting enough sleep, particularly due to the increased use of devices such as tablets and portable gaming devices.

DIY vaccination: Microneedle patch may boost immunization rate, reduce medical costs Posted: 24 Mar 2014 05:04 PM PDT There are many reasons some people may not get a flu shot, but would they be more likely to do so if there was a simple device that could be mailed directly to them, was easy enough to use by themselves, and provided at least the same level of protection as a traditional flu shot without the pain of a needle jab? A recent study suggests the answer is yes.

Missing hormone in birds: Leptin found in mallard duck, peregrine falcon and zebra finch Posted: 24 Mar 2014 03:42 PM PDT How does the Arctic tern (a sea bird) fly more than 80,000 miles in its roundtrip North Pole-to-South Pole migration? How does the Emperor penguin incubate eggs for months during the Antarctic winter without eating? These physiological gymnastics would usually be influenced by leptin, the hormone that regulates body fat storage, metabolism and appetite. However, leptin has gone missing in birds -- until now.

New depths of complexity in nerve cells discovered Posted: 24 Mar 2014 03:42 PM PDT The protein CaM Kinase II plays a significant role in controlling when and where neuropeptides are released from neurons, researchers have found using mutant C. elegans. Using a method called "forward genetics," the researchers randomly screened thousands of mutant worms for defects in neuropeptide storage and unexpectedly identified mutant worms lacking CaM Kinase II. Further analysis revealed that CaM Kinase II plays a significant role in controlling when and where neuropeptides are released from neurons.

New technique sheds light on human neural networks Posted: 24 Mar 2014 03:15 PM PDT A new technique provides a method to noninvasively measure human neural networks in order to characterize how they form. Using spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) techniques, the researchers were able to show for the first time how human embryonic stem cell derived neurons within a network grow, organize spatially, and dynamically transport materials to one another.

Small wireless pacemaker safe, effective in early testing Posted: 24 Mar 2014 03:15 PM PDT A battery-sized, wireless pacemaker was safe and effective in early testing. The smaller leadless device may reduce the risk of complications that occur with traditional pacemakers. After three months, the new pacemakers were functioning well, the researchers found. They are continuing to track the patients and expect to report longer-term outcomes later this year.

Life lessons: Children learn aggressive ways of thinking and behaving from violent video games, study finds Posted: 24 Mar 2014 03:12 PM PDT Children who repeatedly play violent video games are learning thought patterns that will stick with them and influence behaviors as they grow older, according to a new study. The effect is the same regardless of age, gender or culture. The lead researcher says it is really no different than learning math or to play the piano.

Parallel programming may not be so daunting: 'Lock-free' parallel algorithms match performance with wait-free Posted: 24 Mar 2014 12:40 PM PDT Computer chips have stopped getting faster: The regular performance improvements we've come to expect are now the result of chipmakers' adding more cores, or processing units, to their chips, rather than increasing their clock speed.

For neurons in the brain, identity can be used to predict location Posted: 24 Mar 2014 12:40 PM PDT There are many types of neurons, defined largely by the patterns of genes they use, and they 'live' in distinct brain regions. But researchers do not yet have a comprehensive understanding of these neuronal types and how they are distributed in the brain. A team of scientists describes a new mathematical model that combines large data sets to predict where different types of cells are located within the brain.

Kelvin wave seen on quantum 'tornado' for first time Posted: 24 Mar 2014 12:40 PM PDT A spinning tornado of very cold liquid helium obeys the laws of quantum mechanics. Sometimes, two quantum tornadoes flex into curved lines, cross over and form an X, swap ends, and then retract -- a process called reconnection. For the first time, researchers provide visual evidence that the reconnection of quantum vortexes launches Kelvin waves to quickly relax the system. Understanding turbulence in quantum fluids may offer clues to neutron stars, trapped atom systems and superconductors.

Shock-absorbing 'goo' discovered in bone Posted: 24 Mar 2014 12:40 PM PDT New findings show that much of the mineral from which bone is made consists of 'goo' trapped between tiny crystals, allowing movement between them. It is this flexibility that stops bones from shattering. Latest research shows that the chemical citrate -- a by-product of natural cell metabolism -- is mixed with water to create a viscous fluid that is trapped between the nano-scale crystals that form our bones. This fluid allows enough movement, or 'slip', between these crystals so that bones are flexible, and don't shatter under pressure. It is the inbuilt shock absorber in bone that, until now, was unknown.

Molecular clue to complex mystery of auxin signaling in plants Posted: 24 Mar 2014 12:39 PM PDT Plants fine-tune the response of their cells to the potent plant hormone auxin by means of large families of proteins that either step on the gas or put on the brake in auxin's presence. Scientists have learned that one of these proteins, a transcription factor, has an interaction region that, like a button magnet, has a positive and negative face. Because of this domain, the protein can bind two other proteins or even chains of proteins arranged back-to-front.

Adult day-care services boost beneficial stress hormones in caregivers Posted: 24 Mar 2014 11:54 AM PDT Family caregivers show an increase in the beneficial stress hormone DHEA-S on days when they use an adult day care service for their relatives with dementia, according to researchers. "We know that caregivers are at increased risk of illness, because of the long hours of care they provide and the high levels of stress. These findings suggest that use of adult day care services may protect caregivers against the harmful effects of stress associated with giving care to someone with dementia," say the authors.

Identifying gene-enhancers: New technique Posted: 24 Mar 2014 11:54 AM PDT A new technique for identifying gene enhancers -- sequences of DNA that act to amplify the expression of a specific gene -- in the genomes of humans and other mammals has been developed. Called SIF-seq, this new technique complements existing genomic tools, such as ChIP-seq, and offers additional benefits.

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