Newsletter for Monday 28 April

TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY NEWSLETTER - 28 APRIL

Feature for Today

On 28 Apr 1753, Franz Karl Achard was born, the German chemist and experimental physicist who invented a process for the large-scale extraction of table sugar (sucrose) from beets, and in 1801, opened the first sugar-beet factory, in Silesia (now Poland). The beet may have been known to the builders of the pyramids, but it was the English blockade of French ports that spurred Napoleon to seek an alternate source of sugar without relying on imported supplies. No sugar! Sacre bleu! Napoleon was fully cognizant of what a privation this was to his people. On 25 Mar 1811, he issued a decree that set in motion the beet industry of the world. Now you may appreciate why Achard's invention was so significant! For more background, read this history of Beet Sugar in Europe from Something About Sugar: Its History, Growth, Manufacture and Distributions (1917).

Book of the Day

On 28 Apr 1906, Bart J. Bok was born, whose name is remembered in the "Bok globules" that he was first to investigate. These are dark clouds of dense gas and dust visible against a background of bright nebulae. Bok globules have a mass of 10 to 50 times the mass of the Sun and are about a light year across. Bok's other important work was on the structure and evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy, which makes him an ideal author for a book on that subject. Today's Science Store pick is The Milky Way, by Bart J. Bok, in which he covers such aspects and components as observational data, neighboring stars, clusters, galactic motion, the nucleus, interstellar gas, nebulae, and galactic structure and change. New $68.00, Save 4% Price $64.97. Also available Used from $0.01 (as of time of writing). Yesterday's pick: Enough for One Lifetime: Wallace Carothers, Inventor, by Matthew E. Hermes. For picks from earlier newsletters, see the Today in Science Science Store home page.

Quotations for Today
	"For many years I have been a night watchman of the Milky Way galaxy." - Bart J. Bok, Dutch-American astronomer (born 28 Apr 1906)
	"I gleaned more practical psychology and psychiatry from the Bible, than from all other books!" - George W. Crane, psychologist, physician and syndicated newspaper columnist (born 28 Apr 1901)
	"Observation is simple, indefatigable, industrious, upright, without any preconceived opinion. Experiment is artificial, impatient, busy, digressive; passionate, unreliable. We see every day one experiment after another, the second outweighing the impression gained from the first, both, often enough, carried out by men who are neither much distinguished for their spirit, nor for carrying with them the truth of personality and self denial. Nothing is easier than to make a series of so-called interesting experiments. Nature can only in some way be forced, and in her distress, she will give her suffering answer. Nothing is more difficult than to explain it, nothing is more difficult than a vall'd physiological experiment. We consider as the first task of current physiology to point at it and comprehend it." -  Johannes Peter M�ller, German physiologist and anatomist (died 28Apr 1858)

QUIZ
Before you look at today's web page, see if you can answer some of these questions about the events that happened on this day. Some of the names are very familiar. Others will likely stump you. Tickle your curiosity with these questions, then check your answers on today's web page.
Births
	An American planetary geologist, born 28 Apr 1928, codiscovered (with Levy) a comet which collided with Jupiter (1994), the first observed collision of two solar system bodies. Can you name this scientist?
	Jan Hendrik Oort, born 28 Apr 1900, was a physicist and astronomer who was one of the most important figures in 20th-century efforts to understand the nature of the Milky Way Galaxy.  In 1950 Oort proposed the now generally accepted model for the origin of comets from the "Oort Cloud." What nationality was Oort?
Deaths
	Edouard van Beneden (1846-1910) was a Belgian embryologist and cytologist best known for his discoveries concerning fertilization in sex cells and chromosome numbers in body cells. What was discovery concerning the number of chromosomes in body cells with different functions of a single species?
Events
	On 28 Apr 1962, a balsa raft, and a crew of six left Peru, bound for Polynesia, which was reached 101 days later. The captain was anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl., who wished to demonstrate that the ancient Polynesians could in the same way have originated from South America. What was the name of his famous craft?
	On 28 Apr 1926, the term "wave mechanics" was coined by nuclear physicist in a letter he sent to Einstein. The term was applied to the newly emerging branch of physics which interprets the behaviour of subatomic particles according to a mathematical description in terms of a wave motion. Which physicist coined the name "wave mechanics"?

Answers

When you have your answers ready to all the questions above, you'll find all the information to check them, and more, on the April 28 web page of Today in Science History. Or, try this link first for just the brief answers. Fast answers for the previous newsletter for April 27: nylon; Samuel (Morse); Arbor day; named for the German physicist Otto Hahn; the decade including the year 1880.

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