Newsletter for Tuesday 1 April

TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY NEWSLETTER - 1 APRIL

Feature for Today

On 1 Apr 1889, the first U.S. commercial dishwashing machine was marketed in Chicago, designed over a number of years by Josephine Cochrane. She received an award for her invention at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago. The company she founded to sell the dishwasher to hotels, restaurants and other commercial groups was purchased in the 1920's by the Hobart Corporation. They introduced (1949) the "KitchenAid" brand name that is known today. Other dishwashing machine patents had been issued, starting with a hand-cranked device patented by Joel Houghton on 14 May 1850, but Cochrane marketed her design successfully. She was granted U.S. patent No. 355,139 on 28 Dec 1886. For more details of the state of this technology over a century ago, read the patent and its illustrations of her Dish-Washing Machine.

Book of the Day

On 1 Apr 1578, an English physician was born, who in 1628 published (in Latin) an epoch-mmaking book on blood circulation, which included explanations of heart valves and arterial pulse. His work was revolutionary because it relied on extensive, minute observations ofliving animals, as well as dissections. Thus he began to replace the centuries-long domination of the works of Aristotle and Galen. It remains one of the greatest works in physiology. Today's Science Store pick is On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, translated by Robert Willis. New $14.98, Save 28% Price $16.71. Also available Used from $1,43 (as of time of writing). Yesterday's pick: Calder Hall: The Story of Britain's First Atomic Power Station, by Kenneth Edmund Brian Jay. For picks from earlier newsletters, see the Today in Science Science Store home page.

Quotations for Today
	(Concerning) "the usual contempt with which an orthodox analytic group treats all outsiders and strangers ... I urge you to think of the young psychoanalysts as your colleagues, collaborators and partners and not as spies, traitors and wayward children. You can never develop a science that way, only an orthodox church." - Abraham Harold Maslow, American psychologist (born 1 Apr 1908 )
	"In describing the honourable mission I charged him with, M. Pernety informed me that he made my name known to you. This leads me to confess that I am not as completely unknown to you as you might believe, but that fearing the ridicule attached to a female scientist, I have previously taken the name of M. LeBlanc in communicating to you those notes that, no doubt, do not deserve the indulgence with which you have responded." (Explaining her use of a male psuedonym.) - Sophie Germain, French mathematician (born 1 Apr 1776)
	"I profess to learn and to teach anatomy not from books but from dissections, not from the tenets of Philosophers but from the fabric of Nature. " - English physician in the quiz below (born 1 Apr 1578)

QUIZ
Before you look at today's web page, see if you can answer some of these questions about the events that happened on this day. Some of the names are very familiar. Others will likely stump you. Tickle your curiosity with these questions, then check your answers on today's web page.
Births
	An English physician, born 1 Apr 1578, discovered the true nature of the circulation of the blood and the function of the heart as a pump, thus making the first significant improvement in its understanding in 1,400 years. His precise methods of investigation set the pattern for experimental  research. Can you name this scientist?
Deaths
	Dame Kathleen Lonsdale (1903-1971) (n�e Yardley) was a British scientist who made an experimental determination of the structure of the benzene ring, which showed that all the ring C-C bonds were of the same length and all the internal C-C-C bond angles were 120 degrees. She was the first woman to be elected (1945) to the Royal Society of London. With what experimental method did she determine the structure of the benzene ring?
	Charles Richard Drew (1904-1950) was an African-American physician and surgeon whose death was caused by a car accident. What was Drew's specialty?
Events
	On 1 Apr 1875, Sir Francis Galton published the first newspaper weather map, now a standard feature in newspapers worldwide. Which newspaper, still published in the present day, printed Galton's weather map?
	On 1 Apr 1867, using the antiseptic methods he introduced, an English physician completed a series of 11 compound fractures. His reports of these treatments in The Lancet forever changed surgical techniques. Can you name this surgeon?

Answers

When you have your answers ready to all the questions above, you'll find all the information to check them, and more, on the April 1 web page of Today in Science History. Or, try this link first for just the brief answers. Fast answers for the previous newsletter for March 31: Bunsen burner; 17th century (1596-1650); insulin; orbit the moon; the decade that includes the year 1880.

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