Newsletter for Wednesday 2 April

TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY NEWSLETTER - 2 APRIL

Feature for Today

On 2 Apr 1814, Erastus Brigham Bigelow was born, an American industrialist, who developed power looms for making lace and many types of carpet.  He  invented his first loom for making coach lace at the age of 23. He was a member of the committee that founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This short biography from A History of American Manufactures (1866) describes him as one of the "most eminent of American inventors."

Book of the Day

On 2 Apr 1827, Joseph Dixon began the manufacturing of lead pencils in the U.S.at his factory in Salem, Mass. Dixon was responsible for the development of the graphite industry in the U.S. Today's Science Store pick is The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance, by Henry Petroski, who is one of your Webmaster's favorite authors. Any of his books are mind-sharpening to read, because his talent for fine writing comes with a deep knowledge of engineering and technology. In this book, Petroski traces the evolution of the pencil through the Industrial Revolution, when machine manufacture replaced earlier handwork. Along the way, he looks at some of pencil making's great innovators--including Henry David Thoreau, the famed writer, who worked in his father's pencil factory, inventing techniques for grinding graphite and experimenting with blends of lead, clay, and other ingredients to yield pencils of varying hardness and darkness. If you thought the pencil could never be the subject to fill a book, Petroski will pleasantly surprize you! New $21.00, Save 35% Price $13.71. Also available Used from $2.57 (as of time of writing). Yesterday's pick: On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, translated by Robert Willis.. For picks from earlier newsletters, see the Today in Science Science Store home page.

Quotations for Today
	"To the average mathematician who merely wants to know his work is securely based, the most appealing choice is to avoid difficulties by means of Hilbert's program. Here one regards mathematics as a formal game and one is only concerned with the question of consistency ... . The Realist position is probably the one which most mathematicians would prefer to take. It is not until he becomes aware of some of the difficulties in set theory that he would even begin to question it. If these difficulties particularly upset him, he will rush to the shelter of Formalism, while his normal position will be somewhere between the two, trying to enjoy the best of two worlds." - Paul Joseph Cohen, American mathematician (born 2 Apr 1934 )
	"Whenever there is a hard job to be done I assign it to a lazy man; he is sure to find an easy way of doing it." - Walter Chrysler, American industrialist (born 2 Apr 1872)
	"[It would not be long] ere the whole surface of this country would be channelled for those nerves which are to diffuse, with the speed of thought, a knowledge of all that is occurring throughout the land, making, in fact, one neighborhood of the whole country." - Samuel F. B. Morse, American painter and inventor who is famous for developing the  Morse Code (died 1 Apr 1872)

QUIZ
Before you look at today's web page, see if you can answer some of these questions about the events that happened on this day. Some of the names are very familiar. Others will likely stump you. Tickle your curiosity with these questions, then check your answers on today's web page.
Births
	Paul Joseph Cohen, born 2 Apr 1934, is an American mathematician who was recognized with an award for his proof of the independence of the continuum hypothesis from the other axioms of set theory. This award is the most prestigious given to mathematicians, and is regarded as the equivalent of a Nobel Prize in their discipline. What is the name of this award?
Deaths
	A Swiss psychiatrist (1884-1922) devised the inkblot test that bears his name and that is widely used clinically for diagnosing psychopathology. Can you name this scientist?
	Samuel Morse (1791-1872) was an American painter and inventor who, independent of similar efforts in Europe, developed an electric telegraph, and thereafter, devised the Morse Code. In which decade did Morse invent his code?
Events
	On 1 Apr 1953, the journal  Nature published a paper with this date titled Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids:  A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, in which they described a double helix structure for DNA. Who were the authors of the paper?
	On 1 Apr 1889, Charles M. Hall patented an inexpensive electrolytic process to extract a certain metal from its ore. Although this metal is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust, it cannot be separated from its ore by a smelting process. Which metal did Hall's process separate from its ore?

Answers

When you have your answers ready to all the questions above, you'll find all the information to check them, and more, on the April 2 web page of Today in Science History. Or, try this link first for just the brief answers. Fast answers for the previous newsletter for April 1: William Harvey; X-ray diffraction; preservation and transfusion of human blood; The Times (London); Dr. Joseph Lister.

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