ScienceDaily: Top Science News

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• Natural variation: Warm North Atlantic Ocean promotes extreme winters in US and Europe
• Misleading mineral may have resulted in overestimate of water in moon
• Scientists solve the riddle of zebras' stripes: Those pesky bugs
• Humans and saber-toothed tiger met in Germany 300,000 years ago
• Monkey caloric restriction study shows big benefit; contradicts earlier study
• Knowledge transfer between computers: Computers teach each other Pac-Man
• Universal syllables: Some innate preferences shape the sound of words from birth
• Erasing a genetic mutation by snipping mutated DNA

Natural variation: Warm North Atlantic Ocean promotes extreme winters in US and Europe Posted: 01 Apr 2014 06:04 PM PDT The extreme cold weather observed across Europe and the east coast of the US in recent winters could be partly down to natural, long-term variations in sea surface temperatures, according to a new study. Researchers have shown that a phenomenon known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) -- a natural pattern of variation in North Atlantic sea surface temperatures that switches between a positive and negative phase every 60-70 years -- can affect an atmospheric circulation pattern, known as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), that influences the temperature and precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere in winter.

Misleading mineral may have resulted in overestimate of water in moon Posted: 01 Apr 2014 10:11 AM PDT The amount of water present in the moon may have been overestimated by scientists studying the mineral apatite, researchers have discovered. For decades, scientists believed the moon was almost entirely devoid of water. However, the discovery of hydrogen-rich apatite within lunar rocks in 2010 seemed to hint at a more watery past. Scientists originally assumed that information obtained from a small sample of apatite could predict the original water content of a large body of magma, or even the entire moon, but a new study indicates that apatite may, in fact, be deceptive.

Scientists solve the riddle of zebras' stripes: Those pesky bugs Posted: 01 Apr 2014 08:21 AM PDT Why zebras have black and white stripes is a question that has intrigued scientists and spectators for centuries. Scientists now examined this riddle systematically.

Humans and saber-toothed tiger met in Germany 300,000 years ago Posted: 01 Apr 2014 08:20 AM PDT Scientists excavating at the Schöningen open-cast coal mine in north-central Germany have discovered the remains of a saber-toothed cat preserved in a layer some 300,000 years old -- the same stratum in which wooden spears were found, indicating that early humans also inhabited the area, which at that time was the bank of a shallow lake.

Monkey caloric restriction study shows big benefit; contradicts earlier study Posted: 01 Apr 2014 08:19 AM PDT The latest results from a 25-year study of diet and aging in monkeys shows a significant reduction in mortality and in age-associated diseases among those with calorie-restricted diets. The study, begun in 1989, is one of two ongoing, long-term U.S. efforts to examine the effects of a reduced-calorie diet on nonhuman primates.

Knowledge transfer between computers: Computers teach each other Pac-Man Posted: 01 Apr 2014 07:27 AM PDT Researchers have developed a method to allow a computer to give advice and teach skills to another computer in a way that mimics how a real teacher and student might interact. Researchers had the agents -- as the virtual robots are called -- act like true student and teacher pairs: student agents struggled to learn Pac-Man and a version of the StarCraft video game. The researchers were able to show that the student agent learned the games and, in fact, surpassed the teacher.

Universal syllables: Some innate preferences shape the sound of words from birth Posted: 01 Apr 2014 07:21 AM PDT Languages are learned, it's true, but are there also innate bases in the structure of language that precede experience? Linguists have noticed that, despite the huge variability of human languages, there are some preferences in the sound of words that can be found across languages.  So they wonder whether this reflects the existence of a universal, innate biological basis of language. A new study provides evidence to support to this hypothesis, demonstrating that certain preferences in the sound of words are already active in newborn infants.

Erasing a genetic mutation by snipping mutated DNA Posted: 30 Mar 2014 12:16 PM PDT Liver disorder in mice has been reversed by correcting a mutated gene. The findings offer the first evidence that this gene-editing technique, known as CRISPR, can reverse disease symptoms in living animals. CRISPR, which offers an easy way to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with the correct sequence, holds potential for treating many genetic disorders, according to the research team. "What's exciting about this approach is that we can actually correct a defective gene in a living adult animal," says the team leader.

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