ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

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• Astronomers create first realistic virtual universe
• As carbon dioxide levels rise, some crop nutrients will fall, researchers find
• Greenland melting due equally to global warming, natural variations
• Living fossils in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool: A refuge for thermophilic dinoflagellates during glaciations
• Ticks abundant in New York and region despite cold winter
• Semi-synthetic organism: Scientists create first living organism that transmits added letters in DNA 'alphabet'
• Yellowstone geyser eruptions influenced more by internal processes
• A hydrogel that knows when to go
• A stellar explosion on the outer reaches of the Universe provides clues about black hole formation
• Mapping the spider genome: Surprising similarities to humans
• Ancient crater points to massive meteorite strike
• Clinicians may be driving racial disparities in health, review finds
• Ability to isolate, grow breast tissue stem cells could speed cancer research
• Melting an entire iceberg with a hot poker: Spotting phase changes triggered by impurities
• Sprites form at plasma irregularities in the lower ionosphere
• Newly found dinosaur is long-nosed cousin of Tyrannosaurus rex
• Arctic study sheds light on tree-ring divergence problem: Changes in light intensity may impact density of tree rings
• Psilocybin inhibits the processing of negative emotions in the brain
• Repeated preschool wheeze may set stage for long-term damage in lung function
• Using DNA to build tool that may literally shine light on cancer
• Statistical test increases power of genetic studies of complex disease
• Nearest bright 'hypervelocity star' found: Speeding at 1 million mph, it probes black hole and dark matter
• All teeth and claws? New study sheds light on dinosaur claw function
• Older eyewitnesses make mistakes identifying suspects in police line-ups
• Anger motivates volunteers as much as sympathy
• Emotional arousal makes us better at swearing
• Preparing for parenthood: Pregnant women show increased activity in right side of brain
• NASA's Curiosity rover drills sandstone slab on Mars
• New 'magnifying glass' helps spot delinquency risks in youth
• When newlyweds believe in sharing household chores, follow-through is everything
• Black male incarceration can compromise research studies
• Shrinking helped dinosaurs and birds to keep evolving
• Water from improved sources (such as piped water and bore holes) is not consistently safe
• Mass vaccination campaigns reduce the substantial burden of yellow fever in Africa
• Revealing the healing of 'dino-sores': Examining broken bones in 150-million-year-old predatory dinosaur
• Study validates air sampling techniques to fight bioterrorism
• Surgeons 'light up' GI tract to safely remove gall bladder
• Perceived age, weight discrimination worse for health than perceived racism, sexism
• College kids need to change unhealthy ways
• Low self-rating of social status predicts heart disease risk
• Impulsivity is risk factor for food addiction
• Social workers can help patients recover from mild traumatic brain injuries

Astronomers create first realistic virtual universe Posted: 07 May 2014 11:28 AM PDT Move over, Matrix - astronomers have done you one better. They have created the first realistic virtual universe using a computer simulation called 'Illustris.' Illustris can recreate 13 billion years of cosmic evolution in a cube 350 million light-years on a side with unprecedented resolution.

As carbon dioxide levels rise, some crop nutrients will fall, researchers find Posted: 07 May 2014 10:26 AM PDT Researchers have some bad news for future farmers and eaters: As carbon dioxide levels rise this century, some grains and legumes will become significantly less nutritious than they are today.

Greenland melting due equally to global warming, natural variations Posted: 07 May 2014 10:26 AM PDT Up to half of the recent warming in Greenland and neighboring parts of the Canadian Arctic may be due to climate variations that originate in the tropical Pacific and are not connected with the overall warming of the planet. The other portion is likely due to global warming.

Living fossils in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool: A refuge for thermophilic dinoflagellates during glaciations Posted: 07 May 2014 10:23 AM PDT Scientists have reported the unique discovery of the marine dinoflagellate Dapsilidinium pastielsii from Southeast Asia, notably the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP). This unicellular species, with planktonic and benthic stages, was previously thought to have become extinct within the early Pleistocene. It evolved more than 50 million years ago and is the last survivor of a major early Cenozoic lineage.

Ticks abundant in New York and region despite cold winter Posted: 07 May 2014 10:21 AM PDT Experts explain why tick populations are still high in New York and surrounding areas -- and provide tips about how to avoid ticks and tick bites.

Semi-synthetic organism: Scientists create first living organism that transmits added letters in DNA 'alphabet' Posted: 07 May 2014 10:21 AM PDT Scientists have engineered a bacterium whose genetic material includes an added pair of DNA "letters," or bases, not found in nature; the bacterium's cells can replicate the unnatural DNA bases more or less normally, as long as the molecular building blocks are supplied.

Yellowstone geyser eruptions influenced more by internal processes Posted: 07 May 2014 08:48 AM PDT The intervals between geyser eruptions depend on a delicate balance of underground factors, such as heat and water supply, and interactions with surrounding geysers. Some geysers are highly predictable, with intervals between eruptions varying only slightly. The predictability of these geysers offer earth scientists a unique opportunity to investigate what may influence their eruptive activity, and to apply that information to rare and unpredictable types of eruptions, such as those from volcanoes.

A hydrogel that knows when to go Posted: 07 May 2014 08:47 AM PDT Bioengineers have created a hydrogel that instantly turns from liquid to semisolid at close to body temperature -- and then degrades at precisely the right time. The gel shows potential as a bioscaffold to support the regrowth of bone and other three-dimensional tissues in a patient's body using the patient's own cells to seed the process.

A stellar explosion on the outer reaches of the Universe provides clues about black hole formation Posted: 07 May 2014 08:47 AM PDT On 24 October 2012 observatories across the world were alerted about a huge stellar explosion, the GRB121024A, which had been located just hours before in the Eridanus constellation. The data obtained on that explosion, which took place about 11,000 million years ago, have made it possible to reconstruct how a black hole is formed.

Mapping the spider genome: Surprising similarities to humans Posted: 07 May 2014 07:50 AM PDT For the first time ever, a group of researchers has sequenced the genome of the spider. This knowledge provides a much more qualified basis for studying features of the spider. It also shows that humans share certain genomic similarities with spiders. However, the sequencing has far greater significance for our future understanding of the spider's special properties. The researchers worked with two types of spiders, representing two of the three main groups in the spider family. One of these is a small velvet spider and the other is a tarantula.

Ancient crater points to massive meteorite strike Posted: 07 May 2014 07:50 AM PDT An eight-kilometer-wide crater suggests a meteorite strike devastated southern Alberta within the last 70 million years, experts theorize. Time and glaciers have buried and eroded much of the evidence, making it impossible at this point to say with full certainty the ring-like structure was caused by a meteorite impact, but that's what seismic and geological evidence strongly suggests.

Clinicians may be driving racial disparities in health, review finds Posted: 07 May 2014 07:04 AM PDT Patients from minority ethnic groups in the U.S. may be facing racist attitudes and beliefs that can unintentionally affect their treatment, a review of healthcare providers has found. The world's first review explored interpersonal racism perpetrated by healthcare providers, a key driver of racial disparities in health. Interpersonal racism refers to racist interactions between individuals, rather than internalized or systemic or institutional racism.

Ability to isolate, grow breast tissue stem cells could speed cancer research Posted: 07 May 2014 07:04 AM PDT By carefully controlling the levels of two proteins, researchers have discovered how to keep mammary stem cells -- those that can form breast tissue -- alive and functioning in the lab. The new ability to propagate mammary stem cells is allowing them to study both breast development and the formation of breast cancers.

Melting an entire iceberg with a hot poker: Spotting phase changes triggered by impurities Posted: 07 May 2014 07:04 AM PDT "What a curious feeling," says Alice in Lewis Carroll's tale, as she shrinks to a fraction of her size, and everything around her suddenly looks totally unfamiliar. Scientists too have to get used to these curious feelings when they examine matter on tiny scales and at low temperatures: all the behavior we are used to seeing around us is turned on its head.

Sprites form at plasma irregularities in the lower ionosphere Posted: 07 May 2014 07:04 AM PDT Atmospheric sprites have been known for nearly a century, but their origins were a mystery. Now, a team of researchers has evidence that sprites form at plasma irregularities and may be useful in remote sensing of the lower ionosphere.

Newly found dinosaur is long-nosed cousin of Tyrannosaurus rex Posted: 07 May 2014 07:04 AM PDT Scientists have discovered a new species of long-snouted tyrannosaur, nicknamed Pinocchio rex, which stalked the Earth more than 66 million years ago. Researchers say the animal, which belonged to the same dinosaur family as Tyrannosaurus rex, was a fearsome carnivore that lived in Asia during the late Cretaceous period. The newly found ancient predator looked very different from most other tyrannosaurs.

Arctic study sheds light on tree-ring divergence problem: Changes in light intensity may impact density of tree rings Posted: 07 May 2014 07:04 AM PDT New research has found that changes in tree-ring density in the Arctic may be evidence of changes in light intensity during the trees' growth. The finding has direct implications for the tree-ring 'divergence problem,' in which the density of tree rings in recent decades has not kept pace with increases in temperature, as expected.

Psilocybin inhibits the processing of negative emotions in the brain Posted: 07 May 2014 06:57 AM PDT Emotions like fear, anger, sadness, and joy enable people to adjust to their environment and react flexibly to stress and strain and are vital for cognitive processes, physiological reactions, and social behavior. The processing of emotions is closely linked to structures  in the brain, i.e. to what is known as the limbic system. Within this system the amygdala  plays a central role – above all it processes negative emotions like anxiety and fear. If the activity of the amygdala becomes unbalanced, depression and anxiety disorders may develop.

Repeated preschool wheeze may set stage for long-term damage in lung function Posted: 07 May 2014 06:53 AM PDT Children who wheeze are at risk of developing damage that will affect their lung function by the age of 6 years, according to researchers. These appear to be persistent, even if asthma symptoms seem to disappear at least temporarily by school age in several cases. Children with recurrent symptoms that are severe enough to warrant a visit to the emergency department are particularly at risk of seeing their lung function affected.

Using DNA to build tool that may literally shine light on cancer Posted: 07 May 2014 06:53 AM PDT DNA has been used by researchers to develop a tool that detects and reacts to chemical changes caused by cancer cells and that may one day be used to deliver drugs to tumor cells. The researchers' nanosensor measures pH variations at the nanoscale -- how acidic or alkaline it is. Many biomolecules, such as enzymes and proteins, are strongly regulated by small pH changes. These changes affect in turn biological activities such as enzyme catalysis, protein assembly, membrane function and cell death. There is also a strong relation between cancer and pH.

Statistical test increases power of genetic studies of complex disease Posted: 07 May 2014 06:53 AM PDT The power of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to detect genetic influences on human disease can be substantially increased using a statistical testing framework. Despite the proliferation of GWAS, the associations found so far have largely failed to account for the known effects of genes on complex disease -- the problem of "missing heritability." Standard approaches also struggle to find combinations of multiple genes that affect disease risk in complex ways (known as genetic interactions). The new framework enhances the ability to detect genetic associations and interactions by taking advantage of data from other genomic studies of the same population.

Nearest bright 'hypervelocity star' found: Speeding at 1 million mph, it probes black hole and dark matter Posted: 07 May 2014 06:30 AM PDT Astronomers have discovered a "hypervelocity star" that is the closest, second-brightest and among the largest of 20 found so far. Speeding at more than 1 million mph, the star may provide clues about the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way and the halo of mysterious "dark matter" surrounding the galaxy, astronomers say.

All teeth and claws? New study sheds light on dinosaur claw function Posted: 06 May 2014 05:41 PM PDT How claw form and function changed during the evolution from dinosaurs to birds is explored in a new study into the claws of a group of theropod dinosaurs known as therizinosaurs. Theropod dinosaurs, a group which includes such famous species as Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor, are often regarded as carnivorous and predatory animals, using their sharp teeth and claws to capture and dispatch prey. However, a detailed look at the claws on their forelimbs revealed that the form and shape of theropod claws are highly variable and might also have been used for other tasks.

Older eyewitnesses make mistakes identifying suspects in police line-ups Posted: 06 May 2014 05:40 PM PDT Older people are more likely to make mistakes in identifying suspects in police line-ups. Some 134 people (aged 22 to 66 years old) watched video footage of a mugging in which two men scuffled over a bag. Participants were then asked to identify suspects from two different video line-ups.

Anger motivates volunteers as much as sympathy Posted: 06 May 2014 05:40 PM PDT Anger can be just as effective at motivating people to volunteer as sympathy. "Although there are many reasons why individuals help, empathy is prominent. Empathy occurs when an individual has a similar response to a suffering person and this is usually sadness. Empathic sadness motivates a person to help in order to alleviate the other person's suffering and to alleviate one's own discomfort," one of the authors said.

Emotional arousal makes us better at swearing Posted: 06 May 2014 05:40 PM PDT People swear more colorfully when they are in a emotionally aroused state. This suggests that swearing is closely related to emotion.

Preparing for parenthood: Pregnant women show increased activity in right side of brain Posted: 06 May 2014 05:40 PM PDT Pregnant women show increased activity in the area of the brain related to emotional skills as they prepare to bond with their babies, according to a new study.

NASA's Curiosity rover drills sandstone slab on Mars Posted: 06 May 2014 04:11 PM PDT Portions of rock powder collected by the hammering drill on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover from a slab of Martian sandstone will be delivered to the rover's internal instruments.

New 'magnifying glass' helps spot delinquency risks in youth Posted: 06 May 2014 04:07 PM PDT Drug abuse, acts of rampage -- what's really the matter with kids today? While there are many places to lay blame -- family, attitude, peers, school, community -- a new study shows that those risks vary in intensity from kid to kid and can be identified. Scientists have found a way to spot the adolescents most susceptible to specific risk factors for delinquency. Breaking down a survey of over 30,000 teens, researchers were able to pinpoint five subgroups and the risks for delinquency that were most relevant for each.

When newlyweds believe in sharing household chores, follow-through is everything Posted: 06 May 2014 04:07 PM PDT Of all the starry-eyed just-married couples you know, which couples are likely to stay the happiest? A study says chances for bliss are highest when husband and wife both believe in divvying up the household labor equally. But that happiness won't last long if one partner is perceived as not carrying their fair share of the load.

Black male incarceration can compromise research studies Posted: 06 May 2014 04:07 PM PDT Federal restrictions on including prisoners in medical research have negatively impacted research involving black men, who are disproportionately imprisoned, according to a study. Because individuals who are already in ongoing studies must be dropped if they are incarcerated, this compromises the ability of researchers to examine racial disparities in health outcomes studies.

Shrinking helped dinosaurs and birds to keep evolving Posted: 06 May 2014 04:07 PM PDT Although most dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago, one dinosaur lineage survived and lives on today as a major evolutionary success story -- the birds. A study that has 'weighed' hundreds of dinosaurs suggests that shrinking their bodies may have helped the group that became birds to continue exploiting new ecological niches throughout their evolution, and become hugely successful today.

Water from improved sources (such as piped water and bore holes) is not consistently safe Posted: 06 May 2014 04:07 PM PDT Although water from improved sources (such as piped water and bore holes) is less likely to contain fecal contamination than water from unimproved sources, improved sources in low- and middle-income countries are not consistently safe, according to a new study.

Mass vaccination campaigns reduce the substantial burden of yellow fever in Africa Posted: 06 May 2014 04:07 PM PDT Yellow fever, an acute viral disease, is estimated to have been responsible for 78,000 deaths in Africa in 2013 according to new research. The research also estimates that recent mass vaccination campaigns against yellow fever have led to a 27 percent decrease in the burden of yellow fever across Africa in 2013.

Revealing the healing of 'dino-sores': Examining broken bones in 150-million-year-old predatory dinosaur Posted: 06 May 2014 04:06 PM PDT Scientists have used state-of-the-art imaging techniques to examine the cracks, fractures and breaks in the bones of a 150-million-year-old predatory dinosaur. The research sheds new light, literally, on the healing process that took place when these magnificent animals were still alive.

Study validates air sampling techniques to fight bioterrorism Posted: 06 May 2014 04:05 PM PDT Air and surface sampling techniques currently used by the US government are effective in fighting bioterrorism and potentially saving lives, a researcher finds. In 2005 and 2009, the Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA) in order to simulate a deliberate attack, staged the release of a harmless bacteria that is biological similar to Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes the disease anthrax. They then evaluated the local response procedures to such an attack.

Surgeons 'light up' GI tract to safely remove gall bladder Posted: 06 May 2014 04:05 PM PDT A green fluorescent dye is helping surgeons perform robotic gall bladder surgery more safely. The surgeons in a recently published study used near-infrared light to make the indocyanine green dye light up, allowing them to better see the biliary tract. Injury to the bile duct is rare -- only 0.3 percent of the nearly 600,000 cholecystectomies performed in the U.S. annually -- but it can cause severe complications to patients. Surgeons are increasingly performing the gall bladder surgery robotically -- for better ergonomics, visualization and placement of surgical instruments.

Perceived age, weight discrimination worse for health than perceived racism, sexism Posted: 06 May 2014 04:05 PM PDT Perceived age and weight discrimination, more than perceived race and sex discrimination, are linked to worse health in older adults, according to new research. "Our previous research showed that perceived discrimination based on body weight was associated with risk of obesity. We wanted to see whether this association extended to other health indicators and types of discrimination," said lead author of the study.

College kids need to change unhealthy ways Posted: 06 May 2014 01:13 PM PDT A new study has found that the majority of college students are engaging in unhealthy behaviors that could increase their risk of cancer later on. A shocking 95 percent of college students fail to eat the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables (five or more servings a day), and more than 60 percent report not getting enough physical activity (three or more days of vigorous exercise for at least 20 minutes or five or more days of moderate exercise for at least 30 minutes a week).

Low self-rating of social status predicts heart disease risk Posted: 06 May 2014 12:18 PM PDT How a person defines their own socioeconomic standing (SES) within their community can help predict their risk of cardiovascular disease, but only among Whites, not Blacks, finds a recent study. "We know objective measures of SES like income, education, and occupation and how that influences cardiovascular disease risk can be 'measured' by an outsider, but we wondered about the influence when a person evaluates their own social standing, even as they struggle to meet basic needs," says lead study author.

Impulsivity is risk factor for food addiction Posted: 06 May 2014 11:21 AM PDT Have you ever said to yourself that you would only have a handful of potato chips from the bag then, minutes later, realized you ate the whole thing? A recent study shows that this type of impulsive behavior might not be easily controlled -- and could be a risk factor in the development of food addiction and eating disorders as a result of cellular activities in the part of the brain involved with reward.

Social workers can help patients recover from mild traumatic brain injuries Posted: 06 May 2014 11:21 AM PDT A 20-minute conversation with a social worker has the potential to significantly reduce the functional decline of those diagnosed with a mild traumatic brain injury. More than a million people are treated for mild traumatic brain injuries in U.S. hospitals and emergency rooms each year. Yet few receive appropriate psychological and social follow-up care that can make the difference in whether or not they fully recover.

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